The name topaz is derived from the Sanskrit word "tapas", meaning fire. Topaz occurs in different colors. golden - yellow topaz and pink topaz are the most valuable. Blue and green topaz are also popular. Pink topaz are very rare. Topaz has one perfect cleavage. Topaz occurs in igneous rocks.
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Turquoise is one of the first gems to be mined. Turquoise has an intense color which varies from sky blue to green, depending upon the amount of iron and copper in it. Sky blue turquoise, found in Iran is most valuable form of turquoise. greener variety of turquoise is found in Tibet.
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All gem quality corundum that is not red is called sapphire, yet most sapphires are associated with color blue. Variation in color of sapphire is due to the content of iron and titanium impurities in them. Sapphire comes in the colors of green, pink, yellow and even colorless.
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Ruby is the name given to red, gem quality corundum. Ruby is a tough gem and comes next to diamond in terms of hardness. Ruby is one of the best gemstone for jewellery settings. It occurs worldwide in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Though gem quality ruby mostly occurs in Burma and Thailand.
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Emerald is a green colored gemstone. Emeralds are rarely flawless and is often oiled to hide the flaws, cracks and enhance color. Emerald gets its glossy green colour from the presence of chromium and vanadium. Emeralds was widely used in historical jewellery, ancient engravings and cameos.
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Amber is the fossilized resin of trees. Ambers are golden orange in color. Amber contains insects (flies, frogs, lizards), moss, lichen or pine needles that were trapped millions of years ago when the resin was still sticky. The most famous ambers are found in the coast of Poland and the former USSR.
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Diamond is the hardest mineral on earth, and this combined with its exceptional lustre and brilliant fire, has made it most highly prized of all gemstones. Pure colorless diamond is the most popular. Its discovery was done in the year 1870 in South Africa. Today Australia is the main producer of diamond. Diamond is graded by color, cut, clarity and carat.
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Cubic Zirconia is a colorless gemstone which closely resembles diamond and oftenly mistaken as diamond. Cubic zirconia can be distinguished by diamond by its double refraction and by wear and tear on its facets edges. Cubic zirconia is mainly used in ornaments and is a substitute for diamond.
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- Jazz Kim
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